Ntau pawg ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Lavxias Lavxias muaj txoj cai ntawm kev ua tiav kev mus los ntawm kev tsheb nqaj hlau. Ntawm lawv yog menyuam yaus. Ib feem ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev yuav daim pib rau cov neeg caij tsheb tub ntxhais hluas yog lub xeev tau ris. Thiab qee tus ntawm lawv, nyob ntawm lawv lub hnub nyoog, tuaj yeem suav ntawm kev mus ncig dawb kiag li.
Dab tsi yog me nyuam cov se ntawm Lavxias Railways thiab leej twg tuaj yeem caij nws
Raws li Kev Ua Haujlwm Sab Hauv ntawm JSC Lavxias Railways, txhua tus neeg caij nyoog 0 txog 10 poob rau hauv qeb ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Yog hais tias tus menyuam muaj hnub nyoog qis dua 5 xyoos, nws muaj cai caij tsheb ciav hlau yam tsis pub them nqi, tabsis tsuas yog thaum tus menyuam muaj ib lub rooj nrog tus laus nrog. Thov nco ntsoov tias tsuas yog ib tus menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 5 xyoo tuaj yeem taug kev hauv tsheb ciav hlau dawb nrog ib tus neeg laus. Yog tias muaj menyuam ntxiv, muaj ob txoj hauv kev los daws qhov teeb meem. Txawm yog lawv daim pib muab nrog lwm tus neeg laus (piv txwv li, ib tus menyuam nrog ib tus niam txiv, lwm tus nrog lwm tus), lossis daim pib yuav nrog tus nqi 35 - 50% ntawm tus nqi tas nrho.
Cov neeg caij tsheb thaum hnub nyoog 5 txog 10 xyoo muaj cai yuav daim pib caij tsheb ntawm cov menyuam yaus caij tsheb. Nws yog sib npaug li 35-50% ntawm tus nqi ntawm daim pib tag nrho. Daim pib menyuam muaj nws tus kheej lub hnab nqa khoom thiab nqa nyiaj nqa taug kev nqa khoom, ib yam li daim pib laus.
Sai li sai tau thaum tus menyuam muaj 10 xyoo, nws tau pom tias yog neeg laus los ntawm kev pom ntawm Lavxias Railways. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog tshaj saud yuav tsum caij tsheb ciav hlau ntawm tus nqi tas nrho. Cov neeg ua haujlwm rau cov tsheb ciav hlau cais cov neeg caij tsheb hnub nyoog 10 txog 17 xyoo raws li “cov menyuam kawm ntawv thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm cov tsev kawm” Qee cov txiaj ntsig tau muab rau lawv, tab sis lawv tsis siv tau nyob rau txhua cheeb tsam ntawm Russia thiab tsuas yog nyob rau lub sijhawm dhau los ntawm Lub Cuaj Hli mus txog Lub Tsib Hlis. Qhov no kom txog rau thaum 2016, thaum tsoomfwv Lavxias pom zoo tias Lavxias Railways muab cov nqi qis rau txhua tus menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 10 txog 17 xyoo, tsis hais lawv nyob qhov twg. Tam sim no tus menyuam nqi them rau cov neeg caij tsheb. Nws paub tias kev nqis tes ua ib ntus nyob rau hauv qhov, tab sis lub sijhawm ntawm nws ua tiav tseem tsis tau txiav txim siab.
Thov nco ntsoov tias qhov no tsuas yog siv rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav daim pib ntawm tus nqi tag nrho, tsis muaj kev pab rau lawv.
Tus nqi kawg ntawm daim ntawv mus ncig ua si rau menyuam yaus tsis yog nyob ntawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm tus menyuam nkaus xwb. Hom tsheb ciav hlau, hom kev thauj neeg thiab hom kev taw qhia cov tseem muaj teeb meem. Yog li, qhov luv nqi tuaj yeem tau txais thaum mus ncig hauv dav dav, zaum thiab ceev cov tsheb ciav hlau ntawm cov tsheb ciav hlau ceev, suav nrog cov muaj npe, hauv cov tsheb khiav hauv tsev. Cov txiaj ntsig tsis tau muab rau ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau nrawm thiab siab ceev 701-788 tus lej. Cov no suav nrog "Sapsans" ntawm txoj kev lawv Moscow-St Petersburg. Hauv cov tsheb ciav hlau hauv nroog, muaj muab rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 7 xyoo xwb. Cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm muaj feem rau kev yuav khoom tshwj xeeb. Hauv qhov no, luv nqi yuav yog 50%.
Koj tuaj yeem tau txais daim pib txo nqi rau tus menyuam tsis yog rau lub thawv ntawv xwb. Tab sis txawm tias tau txiav txim hauv online ntawm lub vev xaib ntawm Lavxias Railways thiab lwm daim ntawv suav sau.
Yuav ua li cas kom raug txiav txim lub hnub nyoog ntawm tus menyuam los laij cov nqi luv nqi rau Lavxias Railways
Tam sim no nyob rau hauv Lavxias Railways muaj peb qhov kev ua tiav ntawm cov nqi luv nqi rau cov neeg caij tsheb:
- los ntawm 0 txog 5 xyoos;
- los ntawm 5 txog 10 xyoo;
- los ntawm 10 rau 17 xyoo.
Lub hnub nyoog ntawm tus menyuam raug txiav txim siab thaum lub sijhawm pib ntawm lub dawm. Yog li, yog tias nws muaj hnub nyoog 10 xyoo tsuas yog nyob ntawm txoj kev, daim pib yog yuav khoom rau thaum muaj hnub nyoog 9 xyoo. Thov nco ntsoov tias qeb "0-5 xyoos" suav nrog cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 5 xyoos. Los ntawm cov lus piv txwv, "txij li 5 txog 10 xyoo" yog cov menyuam yaus uas twb dhau los 5, tab sis tseem tsis tau muaj 10 xyoo.
Cov ntaub ntawv dab tsi cov menyuam yaus xav tau yuav daim pib luv nqi rau Lavxias Railways
Txhawm rau kom paub tseeb tias koj qhov muaj cai rau qhov luv nqi, koj yuav tsum muaj tus lej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nrog koj. Nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau muab:
- cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 14 xyoos - daim ntawv pov thawj hnub yug (daim ntawv tso cai luam tawm raug cai);
- cov menyuam muaj hnub nyoog 14 xyoos - ntawv hla tebchaws;
- hloov rau daim ntawv pov thawj thiab daim ntawv hla tebchaws Lavxias - tus menyuam phau ntawv hla tebchaws.
Thaum tsis muaj qhov kawg, niam txiv daim ntawv hla tebchaws tseem raug xaiv, tab sis tus menyuam yuav tsum nkag mus hauv nws. Ntxiv rau daim ntawv pov thawj hnub yug lossis daim ntawv hla tebchaws, tus tuav ntaub ntawv muaj cai thov daim ntawv pov thawj los ntawm lub tsev kawm txuj ci rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 10 txog 17 xyoo. Railways Lavxias muaj cov kev cai tshwj xeeb rau nws cov ntawv sau npe. Nws yuav tsum yog qhov qub, tsis yog daim ntawv theej. Daim ntawv pov thawj yuav tsum muaj hnub tim ntawm qhov teeb meem thiab tus naj npawb ntawm daim ntawv, lub npe menyuam, npe kos npe thiab daim ntawv foob.
Mus ncig tebchaws hauv Russia: Dab tsi yog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Lavxias Railways rau cov menyuam yaus
Cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 0 txog 5 xyoos
Cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 5 xyoos muaj cai caij mus ncig dawb yog tias lawv tsis zaum qhov chaw nyias zaum. Cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 10 xyoo tuaj yeem siv tib txoj cai ntawm cov khoom hauv cov tsheb nplua nuj. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, lawv tseem yuav tsum tau muab daim pib, txwv tsis pub muaj teeb meem yuav tshwm sim thaum nce lub tsheb ciav hlau. Tus neeg xyuas pib tsis muaj txoj cai cia tus neeg caij tsheb mus rau hauv lub laub. Txoj cai no siv tau rau cov menyuam tib si. Yog tias koj tsis nco qab qhia tus menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 5 xyoos thaum txiav txim daim pib ntawm lub vev xaib, thov ua li ntawd ntawm chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau daim pib ua ntej lub tsheb ciav hlau mus.
Yog niam txiv xav kom tus menyuam zaum hauv rooj zaum, tuaj yeem yuav daim pib. Hauv qhov no, nws tus nqi yuav yog 35-50% ntawm tus nqi suav tag nrho. Txhua qhov nws nyob ntawm hom tsheb ciav hlau thiab txoj hauv kev.
Cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 5 txog 10 xyoo
Cov neeg caij npav ntawm 5 txog 10 xyoo yuav tsum muaj lwm lub rooj zaum. Daim pib yuav raug them nyob ntawm tus menyuam tus nqi. Qhov tshwj tsis yog lub tsheb loj. Raws li tau hais los saud, cov menyuam yaus muaj cai mus ncig ntawm qhov dawb dawb txog 10 xyoo.
Thaum txiav txim siab yuav khoom ntawm lub vev xaib, koj tsuas yog xav tau ntxiv tus menyuam daim pib rau kev txiav txim. Koj tuaj yeem yuav tom qab. Lub kaw lus yuav suav tus nqi rau tus menyuam cov nqi tsheb thiab yuav qhia nws nyob rau theem ntawm kev nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv neeg caij. Thov nco ntsoov tias nws muaj peev xwm yuav daim pib rau ib tus menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 10 xyoo cais ntawm cov neeg laus, tab sis tus neeg caij tsheb yuav tsis tuaj yeem caij lub tsheb ciav hlau mus tsis tau. Muaj kev zam rau tsuas yog cov tub ntxhais kawm nyob tom tsev kawm ntawv uas mus kawm ntawv lossis tsev kawm ntawv. Thiab qhov no yuav tsum muaj ntawv pov thawj pom zoo los ntawm ntawv pov thawj los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv.
Cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 10 txog 17 xyoo
Rau cov tub ntxhais kawm nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv, yuav muaj kev txo nqi ntawm 35 txog 50%, uas siv rau cov chaw zaum, dav dav thiab zaum cov tsheb ciav hlau uas muaj tsheb ciav hlau ceev. Qhov luv nqi tsis siv rau daim pib nyob hauv compartments, SV thiab cov tsheb ciav hlau xws li "Sapsana". Thaum nce tsheb ciav hlau, tus neeg coj muaj cai thov daim ntawv pov thawj los ntawm lub tsev kawm txuj ci.
Txij thaum 10 xyoo, menyuam yaus tuaj yeem taug kev los ntawm kev qhia hauv lawv tus kheej, uas yog, yam tsis muaj neeg laus nrog. Yog tias tus menyuam taug kev hla tebchaws Russia, lub zog ntawm tus kws lij choj los ntawm cov niam txiv tsis tas yuav.
Cov menyuam yaus nqi npav rau aeroexpress
JSC Aeroexpress yog qhov chaw tsim khoom ntawm Lavxias Railways. Monopolist muab cov nyiaj cheb rau menyuam yaus thiab ntawm Aeroexpress cov tsheb ciav hlau uas khiav los ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau ntawm Lavxias peev rau Sheremetyevo, Vnukovo thiab Domodedovo lub tshav dav hlau. Cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 5 xyoos tuaj yeem taug kev mus dawb, tab sis raws li kev mob uas lawv zaum ntawm ncej puab ntawm tus neeg loj.
Muaj menyuam yaus nqi tsheb rau cov neeg caij nruab nrab ntawm 5 thiab 7 xyoo. Daim pib rau nws yog yuav tom lub thawv ntawv nkaus xwb thiab hauv cov menyuam. Lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas caij npav yog txiav txim siab nyob rau hnub ntawm hnub pib ntawm txoj kev mus ncig. Cov menyuam yaus txij 7 xyoo yuav tsum tau yuav daim pib ntawm tus nqi tsheb.
Kuj tseem muaj "Tsev Neeg" cov nqi them, uas tso cai rau 1-2 tus neeg laus thiab 1-3 tus menyuam nce txog 18 xyoo nce mus rau hauv tshav dav hlau sai nrog luv nqi. Hauv qhov no, daim pib tseem raug them nyiaj nkaus xwb ntawm lub thawv ntawv thiab hauv cov menyuam yaus xub ntiag. Ntawm tus nqi no, cov menyuam tuaj yeem taug kev ntawm Aeroexpress dawb.
Txo nqi tawm mus ncig txawv teb chaws los ntawm tsheb ciav hlau rau menyuam yaus: cov cai, tus nqi thiab nuances
Cov kev cai rau kev muab daim pib tsheb ciav hlau rau cov menyuam yaus thaum tawm hauv tebchaws Russia txawv ntawm txoj cai rau kev taug kev hauv tebchaws. Ua ntej tshaj, qhov no siv rau cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav tsum nqa nrog koj. Cov neeg caij nyoog me me tuaj yeem tawm hauv teb chaws Russia nrog daim ntawv hla tebchaws, ob qho tib si lawv tus kheej thiab lawv niam lawv txiv. Lawv yuav tsum nkag mus rau hauv tus kawg.
Yog tias tus menyuam taug kev ntawm nws tus kheej, nws yuav tsum muaj kev tso cai los ntawm cov niam txiv taw qhia txog hnub tawm mus thiab cov tebchaws yuav mus xyuas. Qhov kev tso cai ntawm ib tus niam txiv yog qhov txaus, yog tias tus thib ob tsis tau xa ntawv tshaj tawm tias nws tawm tsam kev tawm ntawm nws tus menyuam sab nraum Lavxias Federation.
Tus nqi ntawm cov menyuam daim pib rau tsheb ciav hlau txawv tebchaws nyob ntawm txoj kev:
- Ukraine, lub teb chaws CIS, Abkhazia, as Well as Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia. Tib cov nqi se thiab cov kev cai siv rau cov tsheb ciav hlau hauv tebchaws Lavxias. Yog tias qhov chaw nres tsheb tawm mus nyob rau hauv thaj av Ukrainian, nws yuav tsis ua haujlwm rau muab daim pib pub dawb rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 5 xyoos hauv Is Taws Nem. Hauv qhov no, daim pib rau tus menyuam cov nqi tsheb yuav tsum tau yuav ntawm chaw nres tsheb daim ntawv nres tsheb.
- Finland. Tus me nyuam qis dua 6 xyoo tsis muaj dua lwm lub rooj nkag tuaj yeem mus ncig dawb. Daim pib muab tawm nyob rau hauv ib qho kev txiav txim nrog tus neeg laus lossis tom qab ntawd thaum muab daim pib qhia neeg laus. Cov neeg caij tsheb thaum 6 txog 17 xyoo tuaj yeem mus ncig ntawm tus menyuam tus nqi. Qhov no kuj siv rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 6 xyoo nrog lwm lub rooj zaum. Daim pib tseem ua tiav nrog cov neeg laus.
- Fabkis, Lub teb chaws Yelemees, Poland, Czech koom pheej. Ib tus menyuam hnub nyoog qis dua 4 xyoos tsis muaj dua lwm lub rooj zaum muaj txoj cai taug kev mus los dawb. Ua li no, koj tseem yuav tsum tau muab daim pib hauv ib qho kev txiav txim nrog tus neeg laus lossis tom qab. Rau lub rooj zaum zaum ob, koj yuav tsum tau yuav daim pib rau tus nqi menyuam yaus, nrog rau cov neeg caij tsheb thaum hnub nyoog 4 txog 12 xyoos. Cov menyuam hnub nyoog dhau 12 xyoos taug kev nrawm tas nrho.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov luv nqi ntawm tus menyuam cov nqi tsheb tuaj yeem tsuas yog tsuas yog thauj mus los ntawm Lavxias Railways ciav hlau. Qee qhov qhia thoob ntiaj teb tau muab cov luv nqi rau cov menyuam yaus hauv ib pab pawg. Feem ntau nws tsis pub tshaj 30% ntawm tus nqi ntawm tag nrho daim pib.
